Plx Programming Book Essay Example for Free

Plx Programming Book EssayThe PLC has gossip lines where sensors argon connected to notify upon events (e. g. temperature above/below a certain level, liquid level reached, and so on ), and it has output lines to signal any reaction to the incoming events (e. g. start an engine, open/close a valve, etc. ) The organisation is utilisationr programmable. It uses a language called Relay Ladder or RLL (Relay Ladder Logic). The name of this language implies the fact that the control logic of the earlier days, which was built from relays, is beingness simulated. editThe PLCs purpose in life The PLC is primarily used to control machinery.A program is written for the PLC which turns on and finish outputs based on input conditions and the inwrought program. In this aspect, a PLC is similar to a computer. However, a PLC is designed to be programmed once, and run repeatedly as needed. In fact, a crafty programmer could use a PLC to control not only simple devices such as a garage doo r opener, but their whole house, including turning lights on and off at certain times, monitoring a custom built security system, etc. Most commonly, a PLC is found inside of a machine in an industrial environment.A PLC can run an automatic machine for years with little human intervention. They are designed to withstand most harsh environments a PLC will encounter. editHistory of PLCs When the first electronic machine controls were designed, they used relays to control the machine logic (i. e. press Start to start the machine and press Stop to hold the line the machine). A basic machine might need a wall c all overed in relays to control all of its functions. There are a some limitations to this type of control. Relays fail. The delay when the relay turns on/off. There is an entire wall of relays to design/wire/troubleshoot.A PLC overcomes these limitations, it is a machine controlled operation. editRecent developments PLCs are becoming much and more intelligent. In recent years PLCs have been integ vagabondd into electrical engagements i. e. all the PLCs in an industrial environment have been plugged into a network which is usually hierarchically organized. The PLCs are indeed supervised by a control center. There exist many proprietary types of networks. One type which is widely known is SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). editBasic Concepts editHow the PLC operatesThe PLC is a purpose-built machine control computer designed to read digital and analogue inputs from various sensors, execute a user defined logic program, and write the resulting digital and analog output values to various output elements like hydraulic and pneumatic actuators, indication lamps, solenoid coils etc. editScan cycle Exact details vary between manufacturers, but most PLCs follow a rake-cycle format. Overhead Overhead includes testing I/O mental faculty integrity, verifying the user program logic hasnt changed, that the computer itself hasnt locked up (via a wat chdog timer), and any necessary communications.Communications may include traffic over the PLC programmer port, remote I/O racks, and other external devices such as HMIs (Human Machine Interfaces). Input scan A snapshot of the digital and analog values present at the input cards is saved to an input memory table. Logic execution The user program is scanned element by element, then rung by rung until the end of the program, and resulting values written to an output memory table. Output scan Values from the resulting output memory table are written to the output modules. Once the output scan is complete the process repeats itself until the PLC is powered down.The time it takes to complete a scan cycle is, appropriately enough, the scan cycle time, and ranges from hundreds of milliseconds (on older PLCs, and/or PLCs with very complex programs) to only a few milliseconds on newer PLCs, and/or PLCs executing short, simple code. editBasic instructions Be sensitive that specific nomencla ture and operational details vary widely between PLC manufacturers, and often implementation details evolve from generation to generation. Often the hardest part, especially for a beginning PLC programmer, is practicing the mental ju-jitsu necessary to keep the nomenclature straight from manufacturer to manufacturer.Positive Logic (most PLCs follow this convention) True = logic 1 = input energized. absurd = logic 0 = input NOT energized. Negative Logic True = logic 0 = input NOT energized False = logic 1 = input energized. Normally Open (XIC) eXamine If Closed. This instruction is on-key (logic 1) when the computer hardware input (or internal relay equivalent) is energized. Normally Closed (XIO) eXamine If Open. This instruction is true (logic 1) when the hardware input (or internal relay equivalent) is NOT energized. Output Enable (OTE) OuTput Enable. This instruction mimics the action of a conventional relay coil.On timer (TON) Timer ON. Generally, ON timers begin timing whe n the input (enable) line goes true, and reset if the enable line goes false before setpoint has been reached. If enabled until setpoint is reached then the timer output goes true, and stays true until the input (enable) line goes false. Off Timer (TOF) Timer OFF. Generally, OFF timers begin timing on a true-to-false transition, and continue timing as long as the preceding logic remains false. When the accumulated time equals setpoint the TOF output goes on, and stays on until the rung goes true.Retentive Timer (RTO) Retentive Timer On. This type of timer does NOT reset the accumulated time when the input condition goes false. Rather, it keeps the last accumulated time in memory, and (if/when the input goes true again) continues timing from that point. In the Allen-Bradley whirl this instruction goes true once setpoint (preset) time has been reached, and stays true until a RES (RESet) instruction is made true to clear it. Latching Relays (OTL) OuTput Latch. (OTU) OuTput Unlatch . Generally, the unlatch wheeler dealer takes precedence.That is, if the unlatch instruction is true then the relay output is false even though the latch instruction may also be true. In Allen-Bradley go logic (and others) latch and unlatch relays are separate operators. However, other ladder dialects opt for a single operator modeled after RS (Reset-Set) flip-flop integrated roundabout chip logic. Jump to Subroutine (JSR) Jump to SubRoutine For jumping from one rung to another the JSR (Jump to Subroutine) command is used. editWikibooks Links Programmable Logic editExternal links WikipediaProgrammable logic ascendence Ladder logic IEC 61131-3 PLC programming language standards SCADA Others Introductory PLC PLC Complete Tutorial PLC tutorial site for beginners PLC simulator Management of your companys PLC Timeline of PLC History Basic PLC Online PLC Training Interview with bill Morley (pdf) PLC Books Logic to Ladder Diagram (pdf) Subjects Introductory PLC Programming Computer engineering What do you think of this page? Please take a moment to rate this page below. Your feedback is valuable and helps us improve our website.

Latin America colonial times Essay Example for Free

Latin America colonial times Essay?4. How does colonialism engage with nonions of spirituality, witchcraft, and/or (ritual) intoxication? You may analyze how the distinctions between orthodox and unorthodox pr mouldices were tell apart (and oftentimes blurred). You may look at Staden, the readings on witchcraft and superstition, etc. Beginning in 1492 when the Spanish under the crown of Castile invaded the Americas, where their first settlement was in Santo Domingo, their main motivations were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions and economic gain.Due to these objectives they intervened and attempted to change every facet of the indigenous look of life including their notions of spirituality, witchcraft, and intoxication. The indigenous population had formally been removed from the jurisdiction of the inquisition by order of King Phillip the second in 1571, however the primal people of Mexico and other invaded lands of the Americas were still prosecuted on accounts of witchcraft or being Nauatil (witches).Colonialism engaged with notions of spirituality and witchcraft by asserting their dominance in attempts to altogether annihi posthumous these practices. They attempted to make sense of what they did not understand by attributing these happenings to witchcraft and condemning those prosecuted as witches. Further, as previously mentioned, they attempted to spread the Catholic religion by deeming the religious practices previously inherited (treatise on Heathen superstition) by the indigenous population as acts of witchcraft.In his letter to Reverend outwear Francisco Manso de Zunga, Hernando Ruiz de Alarcon a Spanish navigator of the sixteenth centaury wrote that the reasons behind attempting to completely eradicate the superstitious ways of the people he regarded as Indians was that some of their practices such as drunkenness was not permitted to them even in their heathen state and was punishable by death.(39) H is reasons behind scraping of drunkenness from the memory of humanity (39) is that even to those who atomic number 18 believed to be Pagans or non believers (heathens) (39) it was prohibited, therefore once baptised and accepted as Christians it is was a sin to indulge in these acts. To increase the spread and conversion to universality within the Indians, Alarcon, validates the eradication of their customs. Further in his letter Hernando Ruiz de Alarcon explains how by indulging in these superstition practices the Indians are harming themselves.He states This (their drunkenness) is the cause of the total destruction of the wellness of their bodies, and consequently the sufficient and principal barrier to their preservation and increase (39). Alarcon explains that the deepness with which these practices have fastened into the native American culture leads him to believe that the ministers have entered late into their parishioners language. (40). Here we get an indication that desp ite their conversion to Christianity, Alarcon believes there is no hope to change the Indians superstitious ways.In light of the Spaniards determination to spread the Christian faith they attempted to eradicate all other religious practices within the Americas. In his letter Alarcon states in his letter others (superstitions) have a weak foundation, because a traditions of their false gods is hardly found among their stories (39). He explains their previous religion had no concrete roots, they worshiped false gods and it was illegitimate therefore, all rituals and practices for this cause were superstitious.It is important for us to beak that the work of finding and documenting the acts of superstition in Mexico was bestowed on Alarcon and therefore it was in his best interest to exaggerate the evidence he supposedly finds. Further, he admits that he is not fully capable to undertake this task because of his defective intellect and small experience with writing (40). In his Treatis e on the Heathen Superstition Alarcon explores many a(prenominal) aspects of the Mexican native populations way of idolizing their gods or goddesses, he attributes this act to an act of worshiping the devil.This is another example of how the Spanish apply the notion of witchcraft to propel the spread of Christianity. In his treatise Alarcon states and by this means they usually communicate with the devil, because he usually communicates with them when they are deprived of judgement with the verbalize drink and deceives them with several(predicate) appearances (48). In this example we can see how Alarcon uses Christianity and the threat of the devil to abolish drunkenness. Alarcon also uses the Devil to explain phenomenons that were beyond the scope of the Spanish understanding.He states in his treatise, they (the sages in Mexico) are always deceitful and ceremoniatic and seek to persuade people that they are consummate in knowledge, since they profess to know what is remove and to foresee what is in the future, which, it may be, is revealed to them by the Devil, who can, through knowledge and conjecture, foresee many future events. (45). Due to the fact that Alarcon and other Spaniards at that time could not make sense of why the prophecies or futuristic readings of the native Mexican sages were holding true, they declared it an act of the Devil and therefore a form of witchcraft. other example of the Spaniards condemning the unexplainable acts in the Americas is in the document On her Deathbed, Maria de la Candelaria Accuses Michaela de Molina of Casting Spells produced in Guatemala in 1696. In this text different testimonies of various people that witnessed the sickness of Maria de la Candelaria a girl servant. In the testimony of Dona Juana Gonzalez a Spanish woman and mistress of Maria, she states, the reason that she presumes this (that Michaela de Molina had casted spells on Maria) is because her servant, Maria had some fights with Michaela and not with anyone else. (170) The Spaniards and even the natives of Guatemala could not fathom why or how Maria was dispelling such large amounts of blood and various objects like stones, rags and fuzz from her mouth and nose therefore attempted to reason it by condemning Michaela in the act of witchcraft. It is important to understand why the Spanish were interested in Marias sickness. In Spain and other parts of Europe the acts of witchcraft were highly condemned.People were afraid of loosing their power and therefore they feared the unknown. They condemned it by illegalizing all forms of witchcraft. Further, the act of drunkenness and other practices not coherent with the beliefs of Christianity were also attributed to witchcraft therefore abolishing witchcraft became a means to spread the Christian faith specially since the indigenous population had formally been removed from the jurisdiction of the inquisition by order of King Phillip the second in 1571.

Impact of Innovation on Organisations

Impact of Innovation on OrganisationsThroughout this report, it result be explained, the different hailes organizations can crawfish to encourage innovation and what factors will influence on organizations to achieve business success or not. The factors will be furthermore explained with the real life examples and it will illustrate the diversity of experience among administrations.As examples, the present leader in consumer electronic industry the Samsung Corporation and the ex-leader of mobile phone industry Nokia Corporation ar considered here.What is innovation?Innovation is an important concept in modern strategic management since it has a pervasive influence on the performances of the face. It also signifies how well the nerve adapts according to in the raw market tr exterminates and the way it responds to its market rivals with superior innovations.Furthermore innovation can be defined asOrganisational innovation means the carrying out of a new organisational method i n the undertakings business practices, work straddle organisation or external relations. Changes in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations that ar based on organisational methods already in use in the undertaking, changes in management strategy, mergers and acquisitions, ceasing to use a process, transp arent capital replacement or extension, changes resulting purely from changes in factor prices, customisation, regular seasonal and other cyclical changes, art of new or significantly alter products are not considered innovations. (Official Journal of the atomic number 63an Union 2006)According to Paul Trott, the definition of innovation can be expressed as follows. (Trott 2005)Influences of Innovation on organizationsNow there are few additional questions which arise. wherefore does an organisation/business need to be innovative? Is it compulsory? Is it beneficial to the society and the organisation itself? Yes is the answer for in all those questions and, same as other major factors the priority should be given to innovation too otherwise organisations dont computer backup in the field. Innovation can be a facilitator for the development and success of any organisation. By being innovative in an organisation it does not think of success. Innovation could mean changing the business model and adapting to changes according to the environment to provide better products or services.Types of InnovationIn Innovation Management and novel Product Development book Paul Trott has stated there are seven different types of innovations could be implemented in an organisation. (Trott 2005)Product Innovation address innovationOrganisational InnovationManagement InnovationProduction InnovationCommercial/Marketing InnovationService InnovationSamsungs advanced(a) ApproachAs the first example, Samsungs boffo and blotto approach of innovation is explained here.Since the beginning of the Samsung, the innovation has been core factor of its suc cess. The history of Samsung goes back to when Byung-Chull Lee started a minuscular business in Daegu called Samsung in 1st of March 1938. It was primarily focused on exporting dried fish, fruits and vegetables to China. From its beginning as a small trading naughty society, Samsung has developed to a worlds largest fellowship with industries that including semiconductors, advance applied science, building and plant construction, fashion, petrochemical, hotels, medicine, finance and more. Its inventions and disc everywhereies breakthrough products have allowed them to be a forerunner in these fields, continuously pushing the industries forward. (Samsung 2015)As a global company Samsung has approximately 490, 000 employees which more than Apple, Google and Microsoft combined. Samsung also operates in more than 80 countries worldwide. Samsungs turnover in 2013 is 228.692 trillion according to the Samsung Corporations Financial Statements. (Samsung Sustainability Report 2013)Accor ding to Paul Trotts seven types of innovations Samsungs innovative approach has developed over the time can be described as follows.Product innovation How advanced it is technologically either in terms of its production, or its productive processes?Samsung was founded 1938 as a small business which mainly targeted on fish and vegetable exporting. After seven decades it became the world largest consumer electronics manufacturer. Samsung has developed to a worlds largest corporation with industries that including semiconductors, advance technology, building and plant construction, fashion, petrochemical, hotels, medicine, finance and more. Samsung has manufacturing and assembly plants over 80 countries around the world. Samsung has a good reputation in consumer electronic products and recently became famous for its iconic designs of curved displays (4K UHD Curved TVs and Galaxy S6 Edge). Samsungs new foundry Technological Development Centre is focused on highly advanced technology d evelopment such as microchips, memory cards, solid state drives etc. and its manufacturing plants have excellent manufacturing ability to supply products to the rapidly expanding IT market.Figure 1 Foundry Technology Development Centre and Semiconductor RD Centre (Source www.samsung.com)Organisational innovation (a new division, new internal communication system of rules, new accounting procedures)Samsung has established an informational system for the whole organisation that covers on all aspects of the environment including its facilities and products. It also offers various educational opportunities to its employees, such as legal education, basic environmental awareness and job-specific education to support and make stronger the culture of Samsung. (Samsung 2015)At the end of December, 2014, the total number of shares outstanding of Samsung Corporation is 170,132,764.The numbers of preferred shares outstanding and common shares outstanding are 22,833,427 (13.4%), 147,299,337 ( 86.6%) and respectively. (Samsung 2014)Production Innovation (Quality circles, JIT- Just-in-Time Manufacturing, MRPII Manufacturing Resource Planning II)Samsung follows a smart manufacturing procedure which is tried and tested through successful project implementation. Smart Manufacturing delivers end to end total services, including integrated construction based on manufacturing core values, systematic consulting on business innovation and continuous operation services which led Samsung to its success. (Samsung SDSC Europe 2015)Figure 2 Smart Manufacturing Process of Samsung (Source http//www.sdse-samsung.com)Process innovation (development of a new manufacturing or administrative process)Behind the true successfulness of Samsung, there is a big turning point which is adapting Android in operation(p) system for smartphones. It was the main reason of Samsung to become the world largest smartphone manufacturer.Management Innovation (Managers and its strategic level closing takers have required experience to draw upon)Throughout 2012, Samsung Corporation continued to improve its practice of sustainable management with responsible corporate governance. Additionally, to agree with internal and international law and regulations, Samsung also adapted a set of ethical standards and values that guide its work procedures and decision making processes. Through a corporate governance structure that focuses on board of director engagement, Samsung works to ensure responsible, transparent and sustainable business management across all operations. (Samsung Sustainability Report 2013)Dr. Oh-Hyun Kwon is the current vice chairman and CEO of Samsung. He joined to Samsung in 1985 and he has done a vital role inside Samsung Corporation which led to the company to rapid development in the semiconductor industry. Samsung is administrated by an independent board of directors who are devoted to serving Samsungs key stakeholders with transparency and integrity. Mr. Choi has bee n with Samsung for more than 30 years, and he is the visionary leader of oversees Samsungs North American companies. (Samsung 2015)Service Innovation (Internet-based financial services, ICT servicesetc.)The 21st century is a convergence era during which the offerings and services of divergent industries and technologies are fused and developed. Specially, Samsung foresees that a diverse and smart convergence Intelligent Convergence will flourish due(p) to rapid innovation in ICT service technologies. The Samsung SDS, in sync with the intelligent convergence era, offers various solutions that support their customers business successes and improve an individuals quality of life by leveraging accumulated ICT service capabilities.Figure 3 Core values of Samsungs Service innovation (Source www.sdse-samsung.com)Commercial/Marketing Innovation (New financing, sales approachetc.)Throughout past few years Samsung has gained significant add up of reputation and attained highest customer sat isfaction from smart phone users than other competitors due to its innovativeness. Furthermore, Fortune Magazine has analysed Samsungs corporate culture by utilizing the reliance index and listed it under The 100 Best Companies to Work For since 1998.Samsung has spent around $14 billion (Which is more than Icelands GDP) on marketing and promotion of its products and services in 2013, which is the biggest (as a percentage of its total revenue) advertising budget of any company ever. (Gilbert 2013) Also Samsung has been the Chelseas official shirt sponsor since 2005, Africa form of Nations 2010 in Angola and Africa Cup of Nations in Gabon and Equatorial Guinea in 2012. (Daryl 2010)Moreover Samsungs brand name value is $35 billion and its in the 8th place of worlds most valuable brands list.Week Approaches of SamsungThe following example shows, how strong cultures of other competitors (Apple and Google) are affected on Samsungs weak approach to a new operation system.Samsung launched its first smartphone operating system called Bada, which was fully developed by Samsung in 2009. Samsung officially launched it in late 2010, under the flutter brand name which is similar to their Android-world powered devices which are branded under the Galaxy name. Samsungs this announcement of new Bada OS was a confusing situation for to some people, tho Samsung wanted market it under the slogan of smartphones for everyone.At the beginning, Bada OS achieved huge success and at that time it was above the market share of Windows-Phone OS. Samsung helped to turning ample amount of mobile users into smartphone owners, and Bada seems to be a big part of that. tho after few years, due to its lack of 3rd party application support like Whatsapp, Facebook, Skype etc. people began to question that, does this Bada OS really a smartphone operating system? In 2012, most of third party developers of Bada, left it due to the dramatic decrement of consumers. In late 2012, Samsung announced t hat they are abandoning Bada OS and they redirected the project to a new operating system called Tizen with collaboration of Intel Corporation.Nokias Innovative ApproachNokias history goes back to 1865, when Fredrik Idestam started his first wood pulp mill at the place called Tammerkoski in South-western Finland. After few years, he capable his second mill on the banks of the Nokianvirta River which inspired the name of his company. After decades of development, In 1967, Nokia took its current form as Nokia Corporation as a result of the encounter Nokia AB, Finnish Rubber Works which is a manufacturer of tires, rubber boots, and other rubber products founded in 1898, and Finnish Cable Works Ltd, a manufacturer of power and telephone cables founded in 1912. This new Nokia Corporation had five business fields which are rubber, power generation cable, forestry and electronics. (Nokia 2015)Today, Nokia is mainly focusing on three strong businesses which are Nokia Networks (network inf rastructure business) Nokia HERE (location intelligence business) and Nokia Technologies (technology development and intellectual property rights activities). From these businesses, Nokia has around 57,000 employees around the world. Nokia is also a major investor in resource and development, with investing through those three business fields more than EUR 2.5 billion in 2013. (Nokia Corporation 2015)Until 2011, Nokia also was a major participant in the mobile devices manufacturing field. But Nokia refused to adapt Google Android operating system to their devices and since then Nokia began to losing its market share belatedly. Finally Nokia announced an agreement with Microsoft in September 2013, whereby it would sell substantially all of its Devices Services business to Microsoft and the transaction was completed on April 25, 2014. (Nokia Corporation 2015)Turning point of NokiaNokia has been a pioneer in the smartphone market and they introduced smartphone trend to the consumers with its own Symbian serial 60 devices in 2002. For the next five-six years, Symbian phones kept the leadership position in the smartphone market. But in 2007, Apple announced iPhone with full touchscreen and application based operating system which is completely new experience to mobile phone users. With that great innovation, Apple Corporation gave a new definition to a smartphone and how it should be.Nokia failed to respond this new iPhone with their innovation and they preferred to stick with their outdated mobile phone operating system and mobile phone designs. As the years passed, more consumers shifted to iPhone and the Symbian mobile program aged, when compared to iOS and, later Android operating system. At the same time, the smartphones became the trend and more and more mobile phone users decided to use those Android and Apple smartphones sooner of feature phones which only could calling, texting and WAP browsing.Wayne Lam who is a senior analyst at HIS has stated In h indsight, Nokia should have responded to the iPhone more quickly. They didnt make the leap of cartel onto Windows Phone until 2011. Now they are suffering from their slow response. On the other hand, Samsung has progressed quickly into the smartphone market and it had the advantage of working from the beginning. However Nokia had a relatively successful smartphone market and platform therefore Nokia didnt want to give up the exiting market share. (Chang 2012)ConclusionTo sum up, Samsung is one of the guide-performing businesses in present, and they have sustained high performances and experiences over many decades, and those can be recognised as their strategic methods that involve contribution in global associations, building the links between the top research centres and the industries with traffickers. 99% of strategies of Samsung were successful compared to other rivals. Samsung is fully committed in inventing the technologies of future and results-oriented innovations which uplift the existing technologies.After the tragic downfall of Nokia, it is now slowly rising with the acquisition of Microsoft. The current progress of Nokia has been slow, but steady. Nokia finally overtook Motorola in market share in the third quarter of 2013 In the US and became the fourth-largest smartphone vendor In the US.Finally, these both companies went through a stage when their products and service werent successful how ever after new adaptations and modifications of strategies and innovations Samsung and Nokia were able to reach the path of success.BibliographyCHANG, Alexandra (2012). Why Nokia Lost Its Handset Sales. online. http//www.wired.com/2012/04/5-reasons-why-nokia-lost-its-handset-sales-lead-and-got-downgraded-to-junk/DARYL (2010). The Worlds Biggest Soccer Sponsors. online. http//soccerlens.com/the-worlds-biggest-soccer-sponsors/52174/GILBERT, David (2013). International Business Times. online. http//www.ibtimes.co.uk/samsung-14bn-marketing-budget-biggest-histo ry-525979NOKIA CORPORATION (2015). Our company. online. http//company.nokia.com/en/about-us/our-companyNOKIA (2015). Our story. online. http//company.nokia.com/en/about-us/our-company/our-storyOFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (2006). companionship FRAMEWORK FOR STATE AID FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND. online. http//www.innoviscop.com/definitions/organisational-innovationSAMSUNG (2014). Samsung Ownership Structure. online. http//www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/investor_relations/stock_info/ownership_structure.htmlSAMSUNG (2015). Samsungs Beginnings. online. http//www.samsung.com/uk/aboutsamsung/samsung/history_08.htmlSAMSUNG SDSC EUROPE (2015). Smart Manufacturing. online. http//www.sdse-samsung.com/serviceline/SmartManufacturing.htmTROTT, Paul (2005). Innovation Management and New Product Development.

Application of Turkey to EU

Application of bomb calorimeter to EUIntroductionSince its creation, the European sum has been enlarged six times during which it has accommodated twenty one new members. Today there are three candidate renders that await social station Turkey, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia1. The most significant of those is Turkey whose candidacy has created more than controversy than any opposite. Since Turkeys first membership application in 1987, it has sparked numerous debates on whether it belongs in the European Union, back then the European Community. This paper argues that Turkey should non be granted membership in the bloc. Several chances suck in been taken into cast such as its geographical position, economic state, vast nation and cultural incompatibility, that render Turkey unfit to join the union. Moreover, the public opinion in both(prenominal) the EU and Turkey is assessed as important factor that reflects the attitudes towards the admission.Bac kground informationAs already mentioned, Turkey made its first effort to join the European Community in 1987, when its application was rejected because of its economical and governmental authority and miserable relations with Greece due to the Cyprus conflict. In 1999, however, candidate status was granted and in 2001 The EU Council of Ministers adopted EU-Turkey Accession Partnership2. In 2002, the Copenhagen European Council resolved that if the European Council in December 2004, on the basis of a report from the care, decides that Turkey fulfils the Copenhagen political criteria, theEU would open accession negotiations with Turkey3. Consequently, in December 2004 the European Council decided to open official negotiations4.Geographical and demographical aspectsAlthough official negotiations have started, Turkey is not a dower of Europe, therefore should not be part of the European Union. Only some 3% of its territory is on the Old continent, the bulk of its territory is in As ia5. This baseless fact is often overlooked as not as important in the debate for Turkeys membership. However, as a regional organization the EU should have some borders, and if it plans to expand outside Europe it should at least change its name, maybe to a World Union or Eurasian Union. Also in the event of Turkeys admission, it mogul become a precedent that would inspire other countries outside Europe to demand membership as well. Another aspect of the territorial reserve location of Turkey is that, if it is admitted, the EUs external neighbors will be states like Iran, Iraq and Syria, all of which are marked by internal crisis and/or have account of terrorist groups in operation(p) in theirs territories. This might have serious security implications for the bloc, as dangerous elements might enter the union through its Turkish border.Even if the territorial aspect is ignored, Turkeys vast population cannot be overlooked so easily. With its close to seventy-six million people6 , if admitted, Turkey will be the second country in population after Ger some(prenominal). According to birth rate projections by 2020 it would surpass Germany in population7. The latter prediction means that Turkey would have most delegates in the European parliament resulting in the paradox that the most unrepresentative country for the union would have most seats in its parliament.Another major problem associated with Turkeys population is emigration. With many Western European countries having a substantial Turkish minorities already, the admission of Turkey would mean opening the floodgates to further immigration from a large and poor country8. This perspective poses several problems first, the cheap labor that would flow from Turkey would undermine the employment of native Europeans second, the problem of the integration of the Turkish minorities, present nowadays, will be invigorated further and last but not least the previous two will further fuel the already present in many countries antagonism against the Turks9. Those are the most obvious problems that emigration from an EU Turkey will bring. However, since Turkey is nothing like the rest of the members in many aspects, there might be other, not so evident problems that might arise with the flow of Turks in the EU countries.Economical and political aspectsThe countrys economical state, even with its haughty GDP growth rates10 is still falling behind in comparison to most EU member states. In fact, according to Pevehouse and Goldstein, if admitted Turkey would be the poorest state in the organization, even if the newest members from East Europe are taken into consideration11. Moreover, Turkey has very high debt to income ratio, twice as high as any other member12, which indicates that big part of the income of the population goes to paying debts, instead of on covering costs of living.In political aspect, the emerging tensions between secularists and the Islamic government might have implications fo r the EU. The Turkish government is currently investigating Ergenekon, which according to prosecutors has committed dozens of terrorist acts and ultimately sought to topple Turkeys Islamic-inspired government.13 The secularists, however, have their own point of pot on the matter. According to Aysel Celikel, former justice minister, Egrenekon has become a larger project in which the investigation is being used as a incision to sweep across civic society and cleanse Turkey of all secular opponents14. With the political situation growing more unstable, there is ground for the radicalization of both sides. This should be a warning sign for the European Union that Turkey may not have the political steadiness to join the bloc. Also Turkeys unsatisfying policy towards its Kurdish minority and the conflict of Cyprus indicate that it is not suitable for membership in the union.Cultural aspect and public opinionApart from the more tangible characteristics of Turkey and the European Union, the massive violate between their cultural identities is a significant reason why Turkey does not belong in the organization. According to a 2006 Eurobarometer a clear majority of about 60% support the view that Turkeys cultural differences with those of EU members are so large as to impede its membership15. The fact is, that what makes the EU what it is, beside its economical and political aspects, is the common European identity of its members. Turkey does not fit this profile. As member of the Prodis European Commission Franz Fischler put it Turkey is a sui generis society, far more oriental than European16.Turkeys double standard in human rights reflects its different values. Turkey is a member of the agreement of the Islamic conference (OIC), which on the 5 of August adopted the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (CDRHI)17, a mercantilismument based on the Shariah law. It can be seen as an equivalent to the UN Declaration on Human Rights (UNDHR). However, there are some significant inconsistencies between the UNDHR and the CDRHI, especially in rights of women, right to expression and education and freedom of religion18. The drafting of the CDHRI creates a double standard by implying that rights of Muslims are incompatible with the concept of human rights embodied in the UNDHR. The CDRHI implicitly promotes the division between Muslims and people of other religions. As a member of the OIC, Turkey does not belong to the European Union, that adheres to the UNDHR.The view that Turkey is not European is also supported by the overwhelming opposition to Turkeys admission. According to the results from the latest Eurobarometer conducted in spring 2008, in the EU 27 bloc save 31 per cents of the respondents agree, and 55 per cent disagree19 with the integration of Turkey, making it the least supported country. Moreover, Turkey is the candidate with most steady opposition compared to other previous applicants, as evident from the results from four cons ecutive Eurobarometer surveys from 1999, 2000, 2001 and 200220. Resistance to Turkey varies around 47-48%, whereas the country that is second in opposition, Romania has a result around 42-43%21. The strong opposition against Turkeys membership is a clear sign that Europeans do not want it in the EU, and in the event of a referendum on the matter, the public opinion might be the only thing that would ultimately block Turkeys integration. What is even more interesting is that support for the membership in Turkey itself is dropping compared to previous years. A weigh of the German Marshall Fund indicates that the ratio of Turks who see membership in the EU as a good thing fell from 73 pct in 2004 to 54 percent in 2006 22. In 2008, the support is even lower below 50 per cent23. It turns out that Turk majority is also against the integration of Turkey. findingIn conclusion, Turkey should not be accepted in the European Union, because its values in regard to human rights are incompatibl e with those of the bloc. The cultural gap between Europe and Turkey is undeniable. Moreover, public opinion marks the strongest opposition against Turkey compared to other applicants. Turkeys territorial location vast population, its economic and political situation will bring more problems than benefits.www.ec.europa.eu/enlargement/candidate-countries/index_en.htmwww.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/eu-turkey-relationsIbid.Ibid.www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/turkey-europe-acknowledging-realitywww.oecd.org, OECD statistical profile, Turkeywww.oecd.org, OECD population projections 2009-2020, data for Turkey and Germany comparedJoshua S. Goldstein and Jon C. Pevehouse, International Relations (New York Longman, 2009), 238See outcomes of Eurobarometers further in the textwww.oecd.org, OECD statistical profile, TurkeyJoshua S. Goldstein and Jon C. Pevehouse, International Relations (New York Longman, 2009), 238Ibid.Dan Bilefsky. Subversion trial haunts Turkey broad case defines division between secularists and Muslim-inspired party. The International Herald Tribune. 13 Nov 2009IbidStandard Eurobarometer 66. National Report Executive Summary Turkey.European Commission. Fall 2006, p. 4.Senem Aydin Duzgit. Seeking Kant in the EUs relations with Turkey. (Istanbul TESEVPublications), 4.www.oci-oci.orgComparison between the UNDHR and CDHRI.Standard Eurobarometer 69. Values of Europeans, Questions QA44.8 QA44.12. European Commission, November 2008.Lauren McLaren. Explaining opposition to Turkish membership of the EU. European Union Politics (Sage publications, 2007), 253.Ibid.http//www.transatlantictrends.org/trends/doc/2006_english_key.pdfhttp//www.transatlantictrends.org/trends/doc/2008_english_key.pdf

Strategic Development Study of Caterpillar Inc

Strategic Development Study of computerized axial tomography IncINTRODUCTIONThis report presents the Strategic Development Study of cat-o-nine-tails Inc. true cat Inc. founded on fifteenth April, 1925 in California, United Stated. computerized tomography is involved in designing, manufacturing, foodstuffing and selling heavy equipments, machinery and engines and it is to a fault involved in selling financial services to the customers exclusively told every(prenominal)place the world. Caterpillar is the worlds largest manufacturer of manufacturer of grammatical construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines and industrial gas turbines. The disposal is serving worldwide and is providing purpose to around 104,490 employees. Its products includes Bulldozer, Excavator, Wheel Loader, Haul Truck, Diesel Engine etcetera and its services includes Financing, Insurance, Maintenance and Training.The developmental strategies gived in the past, present strategies a nd the strategic planning for the afterlife(a) development of the Caterpillar, ar discussed make headway in this report. Strategic Planning is about the finding the outperform solution for future neckcloth of works to be face up by the ecesiss that non only solves the problems but should also proves to be beneficial to the organization. Caterpillar value statement is We have the people, processes, tools and investments to deliver the prime(prenominal), reliability and durability customers expect from Caterpillar in each bleak product introduction. This strategic planning report focuses on three major tasksDescribe the strategies deployed by the organization in the past and their resulting outcomes i.e. the strategic development history of the federation.Undertake the evaluation and appraisal of the follows current strategic situation with reference to the beau mondes strategic macro industry and combative environment and companys giving of its resources and capabil ities.Explore, evaluate and access the strategic choices available and recommend the outstrip strategic plan available for the organization.strategic DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF CATERPILLARIt has been more than 85 years that Caterpillar is serving its customers and hence class-conscious worlds number one in its own industry. The company has been developing every year and has maintained its note into the market. In 1980s, Caterpillar came very close to bankruptcy but still it manages to come back as a high tech globally competitive growth company. The company has now proved itself as the worlds largest manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines and industrial gas turbines.Companys EstablishmentIn April 1925, the financially slopped C. L. Best merged with the market leader Holt Caterpillar to form Caterpillar Tractor Co. Caterpillar is involved in manufacturing of heavy equipments used in construction and mining that are recognizable with CAT log o. Because of the intensive competition all over the market share, in 1963, Caterpillar forms the joint venture with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. which is ranked 2nd in Japan for manufacturing construction and mining equipments. Caterpillar agreement with Shanghai Diesel in China was helpful in improving the market share of Caterpillar as it was a technology sharing alliance.Come back of Caterpillar from RecessionIn the year 1981, Caterpillar faced Brobdingnagian economy downtown and was very close to bankruptcy. For 3 consecutive years, the quoin costs around $1 million a day to the company which advance forces the company to reduce the employment. on that point were three reasons for this crisis i.e. global recession, strikes and unfavorable currency exchange rates. Company faced many competitors that sentence including Komatsu Ltd. as the prime competitor. To cut through this recession, the company CEOs introduced various strategic measures equivalent cutting costs, e mployee reduction, out sourcing of machinery, parts and their components, introduction of modernization, diversification of product line and reorganization of companys structure. These measures were very important that time to save the organization to become bankrupt. Later on the organization worked really well and managed to generate the highest revenues. George Schaefers encouraged the executives to respond to recession.Caterpillar outsources 80% of its parts and components and further they used their brand names for selling the outsourced products lionizeing the quality control of the products. They doubled their product line in just 4 years from one hundred fifty to 300 equipments with an introduction of small and light weighted products along with the customer diversification as well. Caterpillar also focused on repairing its relationship with the crunch as they experienced many strikes because of the cost cutting the company successfully achieved the target of an healthy e mployee and employer relationship. in addition employee involvement program was launched by Schaefer in 1986 that involves employee satisfaction, quality improvement and increasing efficiency level. This program was termed as Employee satisfaction Progress i.e. EPS. EPS helps in reducing the rate of absenteeism, decline in labour grievances, saving in costs of upto $10 million and add-ons employees loyalty. Plant with the future (PWTF) is launched as a modernization program. Shift from batch production to flexible work cells proved to be unsloped for the organization. The technological improvements and PWTF program resulted in high quality of products, increased efficiency level and high productivity. As a result of all these efforts adjust by the organization, the Caterpillars 30 worldwide plants managed to cut the inventory level by 50% and manufacturing space by 21% in just 3 years. too Caterpillars world market share goes up to 50% and its revenues increased by 66% from the year 1985 to 1990. Caterpillar beat the Komatsu by having total bargains of over $11 billion in the year 1989, which were nearly twice the sales of Komatsu. The company takes the advantage of the growth in global crave for heavy construction industry at a steady rate of 4.5% in the 1990s and was successful in making its way towards the top most lieu.Schaefer proves to be the best manager of any manufacturing company of heavy construction equipments. After five year tenure of Schaefer as CEO, Donald Fites becomes the next CEO of Caterpillar Inc. Donald brought leadership movement to the organization. He further focuses on reorganization plan that involves the customer needs on priority basis.Research and DevelopmentIn 1904, Benjamin Holt solved the problem of driving tractors smoothly in moist soil faced by farmers in California by manufacturing a tractor with gasoline engine instead of steamer engines that are much lighter in weight and that tractor was nicknamed as Caterpillar . By 1915, the Holt tractors were sold in around 20 countries. except they organize a company named Caterpillar by merging with best company in tractors. Caterpillar was the low gear company that introduces diesel engines on a moving vehicle. In 1931, the company created separate engine sales group for the marketing of diesel engines to other equipment manufacturers and they further replaced it with sales and marketing division for serving better range of customers. The company was highly involved in manufacturing replacement parts as well because it generates over a quarter of the total revenue because of two main reasons i.e. sale of replacement parts is more profitable than the whole machines and the replacement parts market was less cyclical than that of original equipment.After World War 2, the demand for Caterpillar products increased to reconstruct the misfortune happened in Europe because of the 2nd world war. Finally in 1960s, Caterpillar becomes the leader of the heavy construction equipment industry. Further in 1965, Caterpillar blasted its operations to Britain, Canada, France, Brazil, Australia, India and Japan.In 1983, the company starts providing financial services as well. There has been huge diversification in the product line to pass the recession in the year 1985 to more than 300 products. As the company was developing and diversifying in its operations, it changes its name to Caterpillar Inc. In 2001, Caterpillar was the first company that launches 6 Sigma that helps the organization in improving its quality to the best level. Caterpillar starts sustainable development in the year 2005 as it responded to the Asian tsunami disaster and earthquakes in South Asia.CURRENT STRATEGIES OF CATERPILLARCaterpillar Inc. is the worlds number one manufacturer of construction and mining equipments, diesel and gas engines and natural gas turbines. The organization is developing day by day and continuously expanding their railway line. Its market is not only limited to Europe but Caterpillar is selling its products all over the world homogeneous China, India, America, Russia etc. Caterpillar serves its customers with the highest quality product at a very reasonable price and also involved in good customer relations. Caterpillar is manufacturing its products at 110 plants worldwide and is selling its products in nearly 200 countries. Caterpillar made its sales through independent dealers that feed around 66% of the total sales.Caterpillar uses many trading strategies for its development and to compete effectively with its competitors. For the evaluation and appraisal of companys current strategies, various strategic tools are used like PESTEL Analysis for analyzing the macro environment, SWOT Analysis for analyzing the capabilities efficiency of resources as well and Porters Five Force Analysis is used to analyze the market, customers, competitors, suppliers etc.PESTEL AnalysisFor evaluating and analyzing the macro environm ent of the organization, the PESTEL Analysis tool is used. There are various macro environmental factors that affect the workings of an organization like semipolitical factors, Economical factors, Social factors, Technological factors, Environmental factors and Legal factors. Let us now discuss in detail that how these factors affect the working of Caterpillar Inc.political Factors Political factors are one of the main factors that affect the operations of the organization. Every country has its own governments with different laws and legislations, rules and regulations, import and export policies etc. As Caterpillar is operating and serving the customers worldwide, it should be aware of the political factors.Economical Factors The economic factors includes the recession, inflation, growth in GDP, growth in population etc. In 1980s, the recession hits Caterpillar badly as it was very close to bankruptcy but somehow it manages to overcome that economic downtown. The rise in the p rices of raw material, diesel, petrol, import and export costs etc. is big problems for the organizations. A rise in raw material prices increases the manufacturing costs in Caterpillar and to maintain a balance, the organization has to increase its prices.Social Factors Caterpillar is operating in many diversified countries. Hence it becomes essential to consider the social factors while framing the business strategies. Each and every country has different societies with different values, culture, religions, attitudes etc. the company has to maintain a balance to avoid any kind of discrimination into the organization.Technological Factors A manufacturing organization like Caterpillar needs ongoing technological advancements. It should be updated with all the latest technologies to compete in a better way and maintain its position into the market. Caterpillar is always using the best technologies for manufacturing its construction equipments. Moreover it has invented many new prod ucts with the best quality and price range among the whole market.Environmental factors The Caterpillar has moved towards the sustainable development i.e. they are focusing on new technologies and innovations to increase the efficiency and productivity of the organization by not impacting the environment and also providing guidelines to the customers for doing the same. Their mission is to enable economic growth through infrastructure and energy development, and to stick out solutions that protect people and preserve the planet.Legal Factors The various laws and legislations of the country in which the company is operating cigarettenot be ignored. The laws related to import and export, employment laws, labour laws, should be taken care of. A lawful and legal organization can effectively survives in long run.SWOT AnalysisThe SWOT Analysis shows the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats available with the organization and provides an opportunity to the organization to u se its Strengths and Opportunities for the betterment of the organization and keep the organization safe from its weaknesses and outside threats. Let us discuss the SWOT Analysis of Caterpillar.Strengths The main strength of Caterpillar is that it is a global leader in its own industry as it is worlds largest manufacturer the construction and mining equipment, diesel and gas engines and natural gas turbines. It is ranked as number 44 among all the organization in 2009 by Fortune 500. It has the highest revenue generation and highest share value in the market as well. It has a strong financial check off as it can grab the worldwide opportunities available. Caterpillar has 110 plants worldwide and is serving around 200 countries which show its huge customer diversification. It has a strong dealers worldwide network which contains over 200 full line dealers that helps the organization in capturing about 60% of the market.Weaknesses In recent years the company has faced many downtown s. The sales volume of the company is decreasing since 2003 which results in less revenue. Also the long term debts of the company have been increasing. The company does most of its sales through its independent dealers. Dealers show a very less confidence towards the Caterpillars new forecasting corpse.Opportunities Caterpillar has good opportunities of growth in developing countries like India and China. These countries demand lot of construction equipments and engines as well. once again the growth in the population demands more construction. Entering into joint ventures and acquisitions provides good opportunities for the companys development. In 2004, the company formed Caterpillar Power Generation Systems in association with Solar Turbines Incorporates to market the products of both the companies which further reduces the manufacturing costs of the firm and makes the organization more competitive.Threats The outside threats cannot be ignored as they affect the organization adversely. The recent threats faced by Caterpillar include the rise in the prices of raw material especially metallic element prices. This increases the manufacturing cost and further decrease the organizations profits. The demand of the mining equipments depends on the population growth and Gross Domestic Product growth which is very uncertain. The deal surrounded by Caterpillar and United Auto Workers finishes in 2004 which enable strikes and disruptions in work. Hence such contract expuration are great threat to the organizations.Porters Five ForcesPorters Five Forces is a business outline that is formed by Michael E. Porter. He points out the five forces available in the macro environment that affects the abilities and capabilities of an organization. These five forces are threat of new entrants, intensity of competitive rivalry, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of customers and finally bargaining power of suppliers. This helps an organization to be aware of the outsid e environment and make their business strategies accordingly. The further discussion on Caterpillars Porters Five Forces is as followsThreat of New Entrants The threat of the new entrants in very low for Caterpillar. Caterpillar is into manufacturing the construction equipments which requires a huge capital and resources. It is difficult for any new entrant to invest that much into this industry when it knows that there are already highly competitive firms available. Caterpillar should compete continuously with its competitors to maintain its position into the market.Intensity of Competitive Rivalry Caterpillar faces a high competition into the market and the other competitors can overcome Caterpillar anytime if they lose focus or using bad business strategy. Caterpillar has around 50 competitors worldwide that controls around 80% of the market.Threat of Substitutes There is nearly no threat of substitutes for Caterpillar as it is involved into the manufacturing of such unique co nstruction and mining equipments.Bargaining Power of Customers The customers have a insure bargaining power as most of the sales are done through independent dealers and pricing is done according to the markets.Bargaining Power of Suppliers Again the suppliers also have a moderate bargaining power. For manufacturing construction equipments, there is a need of steel or other heavy raw materials which are difficult to transport and also costs very high. Hence an increase in the prices of raw material is a big issue for the organization.FUTURE STRATEGIC PLANNING OF CATERPILLARCaterpillar has set various targets for future and is seriously involved into the achievement of those targets. The organization has set its strategy as Vision 2020. This strategy sets the stage for the next phase of the companys leadership and growth in the global industries it serves. The visions and missions set by Caterpillar are very practical and will provide further development to the organization. In th e past 80 years, Caterpillar has proved itself to be a well established business with effective management and business strategies that helps the organization to maintain its profits and position into the market even at the time of recession. The organization knows the ways of beating the recession and wins back its position into the market.Caterpillars future strategic visions are like becoming a recognized leader in its own industry everywhere, the products, services and solutions provided will helps the customers to succeed, making use of the organizations distributions system as their competitive advantage, maintaining good labour relations and acquiring highly talented people. The organization has set various targets for its next five years i.e. providing the best return to its shareholders, hiring and maintaining the best talented people into the organization and becoming a global leader everywhere they do business. These targets are already achieved by Caterpillar to great ex tent. The 100% achievement of these targets needs more efforts. Caterpillar is now focusing towards more sustainable development i.e. making the efficient and effective use of the resources available without impacting the environment and also works for the society as a whole.Caterpillar has named as one of the top 10 industrial supply durance in 2010 on Gartners Inc. top 10 list. Also the Caterpillars Chairman and CEO, Doug Oberhelman named into the top 50 people in business according to Fortunes 2010. Hence Caterpillar is actively involved in the development of its business and competing at its best into the environment.Future RecommendationsCaterpillar should be opening new markets all over the world as an expansion of its business mostly into the developing countries as around 80% of the population lives there and they demand for such construction equipments on high basis. Also the diversification into the product line and customers is important for further growth. Lack of diver sification reduces the sale which has already suffered by the organization. The diversification of the products done by the organization in the past proved to be very profitable.Marketing has become an essential part of any organization. Successful marketing plays an important role in gaining competitive advantage. A wide spread distribution service network is important is essential in competing with heavy construction equipment industry. Joint ventures are important to expand the new markets and diversify into new products. This is important for the growth and development of the organization and to cover a large number of customers.Recently the global economy downswing decreases 25% of the Caterpillar sales. The ability to rebound the economy plays a significant role in the profitability livelihood of the organization. The other critical issues for the organization like changes in the prices of raw material, changes in the government monetary and fiscal policies, the credit risk i nvolves into the financial services provided by Caterpillar etc. should be given up special attention as their affect on the organization can proven to be the worst.Continuous growth and development initiatives are important for the maintenance of the topmost position into the market. Like entering into the new markets, diversification of products and services, customer diversification, sustainable development, new distribution channels etc. The full usage of its Strengths like companys strong reputation, dominating among the industry, good financial condition for upto date technology and beating any competition and diversified business competencies, will provide a competitive advantage to the organization.

Cannabis Sativa: Why Hasnt It Been Legalized? :: essays research papers

     What if we were able to legalize a drug that works more efficiently on some diseases than any legal drug on the market today? This drug can help to aid such notorious diseases as back up and glaucoma. The name of this drug is cannabis sativa, or its more well-known name, marijuana. Cannabis sativa should be legalized for its medicinal uses. This paper will state the different types of diseases that marijuana whitethorn be used for, the current steps towards the legalization of this drug for medicinal purposes, the reasons for the use of this drug not to be exploited, the positive and alleviating effects of its use, and the non-addictive attributes of the drug itself.      at that place are many reasons to show why the illegal drug, marijuana, should be legalized solely for its medicinal uses and benefits. Marijuana can be used for such things as glaucoma, lordly seizures, arthritis, the side effects of cancer chemotherapy, such as vomit ing and nausea, asthma, anxiety, convulsions, AIDS and depression (Cohen, 1985). "In glaucoma, it reduces the pressure in the eye, for instance, and it also causes a slight ontogenesis in appetite in people suffering from AIDS wasting or those undergoing chemotherapy" (Medical Experts, 1997). Marijuana has been widely touted as a treatment for the drastic pack loss associated with AIDS (Levine, 1997). Cannabis sativa reduces the vomiting and nausea caused by chemotherapy, and alleviates pretreatment anxiety. It reduces the muscle pain and spasticity caused by the disease, but it may also help some patients with vesica control and the relieving of tremors (Facts & Stats, 2001). There are a number of people who have severe mental illnesses. When they feel like they are becoming mentally ill, they start self-medicating with cannabis to help them to relieve the symptoms of the illness they are having (Jamaica, 1997). In the study on rats, a research team from Complutense U niversity and Autonoma University in Madrid build that marijuanas active ingredient, called THC, killed tumor cells in advanced cases of glioma, a quick-killing cancer for which there is currently no effective treatment. The team reports that the treatment works by stimulating the cancer cells to commit suicide in a natural process called apoptosis. The effect occurs in cancer cells but not in normal ones and, they say, "could entrust the basis for a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of malignant gliomas". (Rea, 2000)     But anytime there is an upside, there is always a downside.

Sitting on your Hands as an Alternative to Money :: essays papers

Sitting on your Hands as an Alternative to M atomic number 53y The old adage money rear endt buy happiness app arntly was never learned in the small town of Dilley, Oregon. Jonathan Hawes is a convicted sex offender who was released into society after circumstances a five-year prison sentence. Upon his release from prison he planned to move into his mother Wendy Brewtons house in Dilley, Oregon. Under Megans Law, police are required to notify neighbors when a convicted sex offender is classified as predatory. Before Hawes was classified, Ms. Brewtons daughter alerted neighbors of Hawes imminent arrival. This upset the small community of ccc to 400 people. Suddenly, neighbors began researching the use of deadly force and the effect of watchdogs. The town called a meeting to discuss the situation with Ms. Brewton. The meeting became quite heated and at one point a resident threatened Hawes life. The meeting left it clear to Ms. Brewton that Hawes was not wanted in her house, which was located a mere 200 feet from a school bus stop. To resolve the conflict, at least three families pooled their money together and paid $250,000 to buy Ms. Brewtons house. The families arrived at the dollar amount by taking the average of two state-approved appraisals on the twenty-seven acre land and house. The neighbors put $50,000 down and took out a mortgage on the remainder to insure that a convicted sex offender is not among them.Bilateral Problem When analyzed from an economic perspective, it is clear that the problem of what to do to prevent Hawes from moving in is reciprocal. According to Coase, the traditional question would be if Hawes inflicts harm on the residents of Dilley how should Hawes be restrained. The real question is who should be allowed to harm whom to avoid the more serious harm. To analyze which harm is greater, some(prenominal) sides must be taken into account. The neighbors are attempting to avoid the potential harm to their neighborhood. Wi th Hawes arrival, they are on heightened alert for their childrens safety. This constant fear brings down the topographic point values in the neighborhood because of its undesirable nature. Hawes is also harmed by not being able to move into familiar surroundings that he has a sub judice right to move into. In the end, the neighbors decided that the harm was great enough to warrant paying Ms.